Main Article Content
Abstract
The performance of Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK) is a crucial factor in supporting the effectiveness of government administration and public services. However, the performance of full-time PPPK within the Banten Provincial Government remains suboptimal, particularly in terms of timely completion of work and achievement of work targets. This situation is thought to be influenced by innovation capacity, training, and leadership skills. This study aims to analyze the effect of Innovation Capacity and Training on the Performance of Full-Time PPPK Employees within the Banten Provincial Government, with Leadership Skills as an intervening variable. The study used a quantitative approach using a survey method. The study population was 1,061 employees, with a sample of 250 respondents determined using proportional stratified random sampling. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with the assistance of SmartPLS software. The results of the study indicate that Innovation Capacity has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance (β = 0.359; p < 0.05), Training (β = 0.217; p < 0.05), and Leadership Skills (β = 0.425; tp < 0.05). Furthermore, Leadership Skills have been shown to positively and significantly mediate the relationship between Innovation Capacity and Training on Employee Performance. The study concludes that continuously improving Innovation Capacity, Training, and Leadership Skills can improve the performance of Full-Time PPPK Employees in the Banten Provincial Government.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Ahmad, F., Fu, J., Ahmad, I., & Alsuhaibany, Y. M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Financing the future : The role of fintech , leadership , and financial competencies in driving sustainable firm performance. Acta Psychologica, 260(May), 105449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105449
- Alasmrai, M. A. (2025). Acta Psychologica From silence to spark : How transformational leadership empowers employee innovation and voice in SMEs. 261(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105761
- Alqarni, Y. S. (2026). Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy Transforming pharmacy practice through contemporary leadership models : Behavioural drivers of workplace motivation , innovation and professional performance. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 23(May), 100805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100805
- Costa, P., Gaspar, F., Nunes, E., & Lucas, P. (2026). a nursing perspective. Collegian, 33(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2025.09.007
- Dad, R., & Phoolka, S. (2026). Acta Psychologica Linking toxic leadership with employee turnover intentions : Examining the mediation effect of psychological well-being and organisational cynicism. 267(October 2025).
- Deevi, D., & Malleeswari, D. (2026). Social Sciences & Humanities Open Enhancing undergraduate writing skills through blended learning : An artificial neural network model for predictive assessment. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 14(September 2025), 103266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103266
- Do, A. D. (2026). Fuel and friction in employees’ digital-intelligence transformation_ AI assistant skills and ethical anxiety under team ambidexterity. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 12(3), 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100853
- Far, S., Hossain, A., Bari, T., Selim, S., Akter, T., Fakhrul, M., Wider, W., & Bhandari, P. (2025). The influence of hybrid leadership in sustainable women entrepreneurial performance. Sustainable Futures, 9(May), 100727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100727
- Gorgulu, D., Comert, M., & Fayda-kinik, F. S. (2026). Acta Psychologica Organizational commitment and ostracism in schools : The mediating role of chaotic leadership in crises. Acta Psychologica, 264(August 2025), 106395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106395
- Grace, H., Duff, J., & Binnie, V. (2026). Experiences of patients with peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and care in an Australian emergency department : A CFIR-guided qualitative study. International Emergency Nursing, 85(October 2025), 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2026.101762
- Jia, J., Zhang, Y., Julienti, L., Bakar, A., & Awais, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Transforming work in the digital era : AI-enhanced leadership and its effect on IT professional burnout. Acta Psychologica, 260(September), 105537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105537
- Khattak, A., & Khattak, S. R. (2026). Acta Psychologica Spiritual leadership and employee voice behavior in higher education institutions : A moderated mediation model. Acta Psychologica, 266(March), 106831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106831
- Luo, B., & Makhdomzada, M. H. (2026). " The role of technology , management skills , and policy capacity in enhancing enterprise catch-up performance : A comparative study ". Cleaner Waste Systems, 13(October 2025), 100463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100463
- Mamun, M. (2026). Green HRM and green innovation : Do environmental strategies and green culture matter ? 12(August 2025).
- Omar, K., Chakma, A., Hena, A., Ali, M., & Islam, N. (2026). Unlocking sustainable performance through green servant leadership , green innovation , and corporate environmental ethics : Evidence from an emerging market using SEM-NCA approach. Sustainable Futures, 12(April), 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2026.102059
- Orkamo, M., Ukko, J., Rantala, T., & Saunila, M. (2025). Leadership behaviours to promote organisational performance in private sector digital transformation – A systematic literature review. Digital Business, 5(2), 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100155
- Sakvand, N., Vazife, Z., Keshtegar, A., & Ghasemi, M. (2026). Social Sciences & Humanities Open A good governance-driven talent management model : Contextual , strategic , and intervening factors for enhancing organizational efficiency. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13(April 2025), 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102403
- Sing, C., Ho, M., & Chen, J. (2026). Entrepreneurial leadership in educational settings : A systematic literature review from 1996 to 2025. 50(January).
- Yang, Y., Ud, A., Mohi, Q., Din, U., & Ullah, I. (2024). Heliyon Green leadership in manufacturing industry : Unveiling the green Revolution ’ s impact on organizational performance. Heliyon, 10(6), e27831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27831
References
Ahmad, F., Fu, J., Ahmad, I., & Alsuhaibany, Y. M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Financing the future : The role of fintech , leadership , and financial competencies in driving sustainable firm performance. Acta Psychologica, 260(May), 105449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105449
Alasmrai, M. A. (2025). Acta Psychologica From silence to spark : How transformational leadership empowers employee innovation and voice in SMEs. 261(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105761
Alqarni, Y. S. (2026). Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy Transforming pharmacy practice through contemporary leadership models : Behavioural drivers of workplace motivation , innovation and professional performance. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 23(May), 100805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100805
Costa, P., Gaspar, F., Nunes, E., & Lucas, P. (2026). a nursing perspective. Collegian, 33(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2025.09.007
Dad, R., & Phoolka, S. (2026). Acta Psychologica Linking toxic leadership with employee turnover intentions : Examining the mediation effect of psychological well-being and organisational cynicism. 267(October 2025).
Deevi, D., & Malleeswari, D. (2026). Social Sciences & Humanities Open Enhancing undergraduate writing skills through blended learning : An artificial neural network model for predictive assessment. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 14(September 2025), 103266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103266
Do, A. D. (2026). Fuel and friction in employees’ digital-intelligence transformation_ AI assistant skills and ethical anxiety under team ambidexterity. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 12(3), 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100853
Far, S., Hossain, A., Bari, T., Selim, S., Akter, T., Fakhrul, M., Wider, W., & Bhandari, P. (2025). The influence of hybrid leadership in sustainable women entrepreneurial performance. Sustainable Futures, 9(May), 100727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100727
Gorgulu, D., Comert, M., & Fayda-kinik, F. S. (2026). Acta Psychologica Organizational commitment and ostracism in schools : The mediating role of chaotic leadership in crises. Acta Psychologica, 264(August 2025), 106395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106395
Grace, H., Duff, J., & Binnie, V. (2026). Experiences of patients with peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and care in an Australian emergency department : A CFIR-guided qualitative study. International Emergency Nursing, 85(October 2025), 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2026.101762
Jia, J., Zhang, Y., Julienti, L., Bakar, A., & Awais, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Transforming work in the digital era : AI-enhanced leadership and its effect on IT professional burnout. Acta Psychologica, 260(September), 105537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105537
Khattak, A., & Khattak, S. R. (2026). Acta Psychologica Spiritual leadership and employee voice behavior in higher education institutions : A moderated mediation model. Acta Psychologica, 266(March), 106831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106831
Luo, B., & Makhdomzada, M. H. (2026). " The role of technology , management skills , and policy capacity in enhancing enterprise catch-up performance : A comparative study ". Cleaner Waste Systems, 13(October 2025), 100463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100463
Mamun, M. (2026). Green HRM and green innovation : Do environmental strategies and green culture matter ? 12(August 2025).
Omar, K., Chakma, A., Hena, A., Ali, M., & Islam, N. (2026). Unlocking sustainable performance through green servant leadership , green innovation , and corporate environmental ethics : Evidence from an emerging market using SEM-NCA approach. Sustainable Futures, 12(April), 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2026.102059
Orkamo, M., Ukko, J., Rantala, T., & Saunila, M. (2025). Leadership behaviours to promote organisational performance in private sector digital transformation – A systematic literature review. Digital Business, 5(2), 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2025.100155
Sakvand, N., Vazife, Z., Keshtegar, A., & Ghasemi, M. (2026). Social Sciences & Humanities Open A good governance-driven talent management model : Contextual , strategic , and intervening factors for enhancing organizational efficiency. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13(April 2025), 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102403
Sing, C., Ho, M., & Chen, J. (2026). Entrepreneurial leadership in educational settings : A systematic literature review from 1996 to 2025. 50(January).
Yang, Y., Ud, A., Mohi, Q., Din, U., & Ullah, I. (2024). Heliyon Green leadership in manufacturing industry : Unveiling the green Revolution ’ s impact on organizational performance. Heliyon, 10(6), e27831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27831