Main Article Content
Abstract
Teacher performance is a fundamental factor in determining the quality of education and the effectiveness of the learning process in schools. In the context of private schools, improving teacher performance is a strategic challenge because it is influenced by organizational dynamics, communication patterns, leadership quality, and competency development systems. This study aims to analyze the influence of interpersonal communication, leadership style, and training on teacher performance in Private Senior High Schools in Serang Regency. The study used a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design. The population was 137 teachers with a sample of 58 respondents determined using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through a Likert scale questionnaire that had met validity and reliability tests, then analyzed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 26. The results showed that partially interpersonal communication had no significant effect on teacher performance, while leadership style and training had a positive and significant effect. Simultaneously, the three variables had a significant effect on teacher performance with an Adjusted R Square value of 0.903, indicating that 90.3% of the variation in teacher performance can be explained by the research model. These findings confirm that strengthening principal leadership and optimizing ongoing training programs are priority strategies in improving teacher performance. This research provides an empirical contribution for school managers in formulating evidence-based human resource development policies.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Alzouebi, K., Abu, O., Alarabi, K., & Al, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica School leadership and teacher stress : Unpacking the mediating role of job satisfaction and the employment status as a moderator. Acta Psychologica, 260(October), 105770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105770
- Assefa, Y., Ali, A., Ahmad, S., & Spahiu, I. (2025). Social Sciences & Humanities Open The influence of teacher leadership on student self-determination in higher education : The moderating role of institutional support and classroom climate. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12(September), 102166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102166
- Becher, A. (2026). Homeroom teachers ’ professional judgments : Analysis of considerations , justifications , and structure. Teaching and Teacher Education, 159(February 2025), 105004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105004
- Cao, S., Saif, N., Muzil, A., Muzil, M., & Ullah, I. (2025). Acta Psychologica Exploring the connection : Personality traits and performance expectancy in online training for science teachers. Acta Psychologica, 258(February), 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105209
- Chen, K., Hsieh, M. H. M., Maritz, A., & Shieh, C. (2025). Acta Psychologica What affects organizational identification in universities ? Examining the effects of psychological contract on organizational identification and commitment of teachers. Acta Psychologica, 261(February), 105756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105756
- El-soussi, A. (2025). International Journal of Educational Research Open Teacher identity continuum : A framework for teacher identity shifts online. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8(December 2024), 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100411
- Hagenaars, M., Dizdaric, E., Fanny, D., & Stevens, P. A. J. (2025). Intercultural actions speak louder than words : How teachers apply culturally relevant practices in ethnic diverse classrooms. Teaching and Teacher Education, 154(September 2024), 104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104853
- Hye, A., Sattar, A., & Ahamed, S. (2025). Heliyon An empirical study of exploring the predictors of university teachers ’ job satisfaction in Bangladesh : A structural equation modeling approach. Heliyon, 11(2), e41740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41740
- Jiang, M., Zhang, J., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Cultivating a creative ecosystem : the role of inclusive leadership in educational success. Acta Psychologica, 257(October 2024), 105076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105076
- Jos, E., Esteve-faubel, R. P., & Botella-quirant, M. T. (2025). Social Sciences & Humanities Open Fostering soft skills through collaborative music projects in the initial education stage of primary teachers. 12(December 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101681
- Kester, A., Ong, S., Cai, D., Castillo, S., Quinn, S., Valenton, G., Joy, E., & Mejia, B. (2025). Acta Psychologica Macroergonomic factors , coping style , and satisfaction analysis for nursing career pursuance : A perspective from the Philippines. Acta Psychologica, 254(February), 104835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104835
- Lai, Y., Du, B., & Fang, Y. (2025). Acta Psychologica The role of secure-base leadership in shaping teacher responses to organizational change in chinese distance higher education. Acta Psychologica, 261(February), 105885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105885
- Liu, L., Li, K., Yue, L., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Burnout and leadership in special education : A sustainable approach through the Lens of SDG 3 and SDG 4. 259(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105421
- Nolan, D., Donovan, M. O., & Lafferty, N. (2025). Social identity approach to understanding teacher-leadership. International Journal of Educational Research, 133(September 2024), 102730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102730
- Oliveira, S., Cardoso, A., Oliveira, M., Sofia, M., & Veiga-sim, A. M. (2025). Social and Emotional Learning : Research , Practice , and Policy Bridging the gap in teacher SEL training : Designing and piloting an online SEL intervention with and for teachers. 5(April 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sel.2025.100118
- Qi, W., Zhang, Y., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Sustainable education in action : Principal leadership , teacher wellbeing , and altruism in the sports context. Acta Psychologica, 254(February), 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104846
- Renart-vicens, G., Serra, L., Soler, M., & Pati, J. (2025). Nurse Education Today Influence of learning styles on undergraduate nursing students ’ satisfaction with the flipped classroom methodology. 153(April).
- Saeed, M., Suwaidi, A., Jabeen, F., Tahnoon, M., Nahyan, A., & Farouk, S. (2025). Impact of authentic leadership on employee safety performance : Role of knowledge hoarding , support , and passion. Safety Science, 192(September), 106993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106993
- Schermer, J. A. (2025). Current Research in Behavioral Sciences A funny thing did not happen at work : Humor styles are not strongly correlated with vocational interests. 8(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100176
- Sing, C., Ho, M., & Chen, J. (2025). Balancing act : The influence of entrepreneurial demands on teachers ’ emotional consequences and entrepreneurial behavior. Teaching and Teacher Education, 165(April), 105165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105165
- Wang, Y., Bao, C., Luo, X., & Ren, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Does resilient leadership enhance job thriving among Chinese teachers ? The role psychological capital and emotional intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 259(January), 105297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105297
- Wang, Y., Liu, C., Kuo, C., & Hou, H. (2025). Acta Psychologica Intergenerational collaborative dynamics in digital game design learning : A sequential analysis of communication patterns. Acta Psychologica, 261(September), 105763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105763
- Xu, F., Wang, L., & Xu, J. (2025). Acta Psychologica The impact of teachers ’ motivating style and student-teacher relationships on adolescents ’ class participation : The indirect role of learning motivation. Acta Psychologica, 257(February), 105105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105105
- Ye, X., Yang, J., & Huang, X. (2025). Acta Psychologica Transforming communication skills in music education : A cross-cultural study of virtual reality training in the 21st century. Acta Psychologica, 261(April), 105800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105800
- Zhao, Y., Ai, L., & Wang, X. (2025). Acta Psychologica Relationships between emotional intelligence , resilience , and critical thinking disposition among pre-service teachers : A moderated mediation analysis by gender. Acta Psychologica, 259(May), 105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105314
References
Alzouebi, K., Abu, O., Alarabi, K., & Al, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica School leadership and teacher stress : Unpacking the mediating role of job satisfaction and the employment status as a moderator. Acta Psychologica, 260(October), 105770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105770
Assefa, Y., Ali, A., Ahmad, S., & Spahiu, I. (2025). Social Sciences & Humanities Open The influence of teacher leadership on student self-determination in higher education : The moderating role of institutional support and classroom climate. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12(September), 102166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102166
Becher, A. (2026). Homeroom teachers ’ professional judgments : Analysis of considerations , justifications , and structure. Teaching and Teacher Education, 159(February 2025), 105004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105004
Cao, S., Saif, N., Muzil, A., Muzil, M., & Ullah, I. (2025). Acta Psychologica Exploring the connection : Personality traits and performance expectancy in online training for science teachers. Acta Psychologica, 258(February), 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105209
Chen, K., Hsieh, M. H. M., Maritz, A., & Shieh, C. (2025). Acta Psychologica What affects organizational identification in universities ? Examining the effects of psychological contract on organizational identification and commitment of teachers. Acta Psychologica, 261(February), 105756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105756
El-soussi, A. (2025). International Journal of Educational Research Open Teacher identity continuum : A framework for teacher identity shifts online. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8(December 2024), 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100411
Hagenaars, M., Dizdaric, E., Fanny, D., & Stevens, P. A. J. (2025). Intercultural actions speak louder than words : How teachers apply culturally relevant practices in ethnic diverse classrooms. Teaching and Teacher Education, 154(September 2024), 104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104853
Hye, A., Sattar, A., & Ahamed, S. (2025). Heliyon An empirical study of exploring the predictors of university teachers ’ job satisfaction in Bangladesh : A structural equation modeling approach. Heliyon, 11(2), e41740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41740
Jiang, M., Zhang, J., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Cultivating a creative ecosystem : the role of inclusive leadership in educational success. Acta Psychologica, 257(October 2024), 105076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105076
Jos, E., Esteve-faubel, R. P., & Botella-quirant, M. T. (2025). Social Sciences & Humanities Open Fostering soft skills through collaborative music projects in the initial education stage of primary teachers. 12(December 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101681
Kester, A., Ong, S., Cai, D., Castillo, S., Quinn, S., Valenton, G., Joy, E., & Mejia, B. (2025). Acta Psychologica Macroergonomic factors , coping style , and satisfaction analysis for nursing career pursuance : A perspective from the Philippines. Acta Psychologica, 254(February), 104835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104835
Lai, Y., Du, B., & Fang, Y. (2025). Acta Psychologica The role of secure-base leadership in shaping teacher responses to organizational change in chinese distance higher education. Acta Psychologica, 261(February), 105885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105885
Liu, L., Li, K., Yue, L., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Burnout and leadership in special education : A sustainable approach through the Lens of SDG 3 and SDG 4. 259(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105421
Nolan, D., Donovan, M. O., & Lafferty, N. (2025). Social identity approach to understanding teacher-leadership. International Journal of Educational Research, 133(September 2024), 102730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102730
Oliveira, S., Cardoso, A., Oliveira, M., Sofia, M., & Veiga-sim, A. M. (2025). Social and Emotional Learning : Research , Practice , and Policy Bridging the gap in teacher SEL training : Designing and piloting an online SEL intervention with and for teachers. 5(April 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sel.2025.100118
Qi, W., Zhang, Y., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Sustainable education in action : Principal leadership , teacher wellbeing , and altruism in the sports context. Acta Psychologica, 254(February), 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104846
Renart-vicens, G., Serra, L., Soler, M., & Pati, J. (2025). Nurse Education Today Influence of learning styles on undergraduate nursing students ’ satisfaction with the flipped classroom methodology. 153(April).
Saeed, M., Suwaidi, A., Jabeen, F., Tahnoon, M., Nahyan, A., & Farouk, S. (2025). Impact of authentic leadership on employee safety performance : Role of knowledge hoarding , support , and passion. Safety Science, 192(September), 106993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106993
Schermer, J. A. (2025). Current Research in Behavioral Sciences A funny thing did not happen at work : Humor styles are not strongly correlated with vocational interests. 8(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2025.100176
Sing, C., Ho, M., & Chen, J. (2025). Balancing act : The influence of entrepreneurial demands on teachers ’ emotional consequences and entrepreneurial behavior. Teaching and Teacher Education, 165(April), 105165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105165
Wang, Y., Bao, C., Luo, X., & Ren, M. (2025). Acta Psychologica Does resilient leadership enhance job thriving among Chinese teachers ? The role psychological capital and emotional intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 259(January), 105297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105297
Wang, Y., Liu, C., Kuo, C., & Hou, H. (2025). Acta Psychologica Intergenerational collaborative dynamics in digital game design learning : A sequential analysis of communication patterns. Acta Psychologica, 261(September), 105763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105763
Xu, F., Wang, L., & Xu, J. (2025). Acta Psychologica The impact of teachers ’ motivating style and student-teacher relationships on adolescents ’ class participation : The indirect role of learning motivation. Acta Psychologica, 257(February), 105105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105105
Ye, X., Yang, J., & Huang, X. (2025). Acta Psychologica Transforming communication skills in music education : A cross-cultural study of virtual reality training in the 21st century. Acta Psychologica, 261(April), 105800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105800
Zhao, Y., Ai, L., & Wang, X. (2025). Acta Psychologica Relationships between emotional intelligence , resilience , and critical thinking disposition among pre-service teachers : A moderated mediation analysis by gender. Acta Psychologica, 259(May), 105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105314