Article Sidebar

Download
PDF

Main Article Content

Abstract

This research investigates how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure, financial performance, and leverage influence corporate tax avoidance, while considering firm size as a moderating factor. A quantitative research design is employed using panel data from coal mining subsector firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the 2021–2024 period. The study analyzes 86 firm-year observations selected through purposive sampling. Data processing is conducted using multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Tax avoidance is assessed using the effective tax rate (ETR), ESG disclosure is quantified through an index based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards, financial performance is represented by return on assets (ROA), leverage is measured by the debt-to-assets ratio (DAR), and firm size is calculated as the natural logarithm of total assets. The empirical results reveal that ESG disclosure significantly affects tax avoidance, whereas financial performance and leverage do not show significant effects in the baseline regression model. Moreover, firm size does not moderate the relationship between ESG disclosure and tax avoidance; however, it significantly moderates the relationships between financial performance and tax avoidance and between leverage and tax avoidance. These results suggest that firm size enhances the role of financial capacity and capital structure in shaping corporate tax behavior, while the influence of ESG disclosure remains relatively consistent across firms. This study contributes empirical evidence from the coal mining industry and provides practical implications for regulators and corporate management in strengthening tax governance.

Keywords

ESG Disclosure; Tax Avoidance; Financial Performance; Leverage; Firm Size.

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Alistiqomah, C. I., Putri Awalina, & Siti Isnaniati. (2026). The Impact of ESG Disclosure, Financial Performance, and Leverage on Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence with Firm Size as a Moderating Variable . Amkop Management Accounting Review (AMAR), 6(1), 952–968. https://doi.org/10.37531/amar.v6i1.3663
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Achmad Hidayat, Fandi, and Santi Novita. 2023. “Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Tax Avoidance.” Owner 7 (3): 2555–65. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i3.1521.
  2. Afifah Ayu Cahyaningrum, and Sartika Wulandari. 2024. “Determinasi Tax Avoidance.” Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 6 (5): 3883–99. https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v6i5.1370
  3. Alomair, Mohammed, and Abdelmoneim Bahyeldin Mohamed Metwally. 2025. “Does ESG Disclosure Matter for the Tax Avoidance–Firm Value Relationship? Evidence from an Emerging Market.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 17 (9): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093836.
  4. Anggraeni, Rara, Muhammad Riza Hafizi, and Hilmi Satria Himawan. 2025. “Peran Profitabilitas Sebagai Pemediasi Pengaruh Intensitas Persediaan Terhadap Praktik Penghindaran Pajak.” Modus 37 (1): 45–66. https://doi.org/10.24002/modus.v37i1.9982.
  5. Area, Universitas Medan. 2023. “Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility , Sales Growth Dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Dibursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2018-2021 Skripsi Oleh : Utari Sherina Tasya Ginting Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Medan .”
  6. Armstrong, Christopher S., Jennifer L. Blouin, Alan D. Jagolinzer, and David F. Larcker. 2015. “Corporate Governance, Incentives, and Tax Avoidance.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 60 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.02.003.
  7. Asana, Gde Herry Sugiarto. 2021. “Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Ditinjau Dari Profitabilitas, Pertumbuhan Penjualan, Leverage, Dan Komite Audit.” Jurnal Riset Akuntansi (JUARA) 11 (1): 139–57. https://doi.org/10.36733/juara.v11i1.2829.
  8. Ayuningtyas, Ni Putu Winda, and I Ketut Sujana. 2018. “Pengaruh Proporsi Komisaris Independen, Leverage, Sales Growth, Dan Profitabilitas Pada Tax Avoidance.” E-Jurnal Akuntansi 25:1884. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2018.v25.i03.p10.
  9. Bisnis, Jurnal Akuntansi. 2017. “Pengaruh Karakter Eksekutif, Komite Audit, Ukuran Perusahaan,” 15 (1): 23–40.
  10. Chandrasena, Supun, Lane Matthews, and Ali Meftah. 2025. “Does the Presence of a Sustainability Committee Strengthen the Impact of ESG Disclosure on Tax Aggressiveness ? Insights from North America,” 1039–65.
  11. Estiasih, Soffia Pudji, Martha Suhardiyah, Suharyanto Suharyanto, Andhika Cahyono Putra, and Puri Setioningtyas Widhayani. 2024. “The Effects of Leverage, Firm Size, and Market Value on Financial Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms.” Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen 22 (2): 414–25. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2024.022.02.09.
  12. Faisal Pradana, Ades. 2024. “The Effect of Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) Disclosure and Tax Avoidance on Cost of Capital with Firm Size as a Moderating Variable.” Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 5 (10): 1238–51. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v5i10.13226.
  13. Gumelar, Aprijal. 2024. “Effect Of Profitability , Leverage , Firm Size On Tax Avoidance” 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v12i2.1435.
  14. Hanlon, Michelle, and Shane Heitzman. 2010. “A Review of Tax Research.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 50 (2–3): 127–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.002.
  15. Hidayat, Kadarisman, and Diana Zuhroh. 2023. “The Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance, Sustainable Financial Performance, Ownership Structure, and Composition of Company Directors on Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Indonesia.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13 (6): 311–20. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14557.
  16. Journal, Formosa, and Applied Sciences. 2024. “No Title” 3 (9): 3861–76.
  17. Kementerian ESDM. 2023. “No Title.” Kontribusi Minerba Pada PDB 2023. 2023. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kontribusi-minerba-pada-pdb-2023-capai-rp2198-triliun#:~:text=Jakarta - Sektor mineral dan batu,yang sebesar Rp20.892 triliun.
  18. Kementerian Keuangan RI (2024). 2024. “Kementerian Keuangan RI (2024) – Data Kontribusi Pajak Terhadap APBN:” Kementerian Keuangan. 2024. https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/berita-utama/penerimaan-negara-tembus-rp25-triliun.
  19. Khairin, Mochamad Yahdi, and Amrie Firmansyah. 2025. “The ESG-Tax Avoidance Nexus in SOEs: Do Investment, Strategy, and Political Ties Matter.” Journal of Accounting and Investment 26 (1): 87–109. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v26i1.23638.
  20. Khusna, Khikmatul, and Hendi Subandi. 2025. “Esg Disclosure, Related Party Transactions, and Executive Characteristics on Tax Avoidance.” Jurnal Akuntansi Kontemporer 17 (1): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.33508/jako.v17i1.5837.
  21. Lestari, Vera Puji. 2025. “The Effect of Enviromental Social Governance ( ESG ), Audit Quality and Corporate Risk on Tax Avoidance ( Case Study of Manufacturing Companies Listed on the IDX for the 2021-2023 Period )” 4 (2024).
  22. Meniago, Christelle, Janine Mukuddem-Petersen, Mark A. Petersen, and Itumeleng P. Mongale. 2013. “What Causes Household Debt to Increase in South Africa?” Economic Modelling 33:482–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.028.
  23. Nugraha, Dicky Bachtiar, Tri Hesti Utaminingtyas, and Dwi Kismayanti Respati. 2024. “Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Moderasi Pada Sektor Energi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2018-2022.” Jurnal Akuntansi, Perpajakan Dan Auditing 4 (3): 802–21. https://doi.org/10.21009/japa.0403.12.
  24. Nursophia, Azizah, Idel Eprianto, and Amor Marundha. 2023. “Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Sub Sektor Batu Bara Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Bei) Periode Tahun 2017 – 2021.” SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah 2 (2): 476–88. https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i2.528.
  25. Oktrivina, Amelia. 2022. “Profitability, Leverage, Firm Size, and Tax Avoidance Model Relationship: A Case of the Manufacturing Sector.” Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis 7 (2): 81–90. https://doi.org/10.36407/jrmb.v7i2.399.
  26. Prameswari, Dita Eka Ayu, Ahmad Yani, and Imarotus Suaidah. 2025. “Apakah ROA, Leverage, Good Corporate Governance, Ukuran Perusahaan, Dan Kompensasi Rugi Fiskal Berperan Dalam Tax Avoidance?” Reviu Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Indonesia 9 (2): 250–66. https://doi.org/10.18196/rabin.v9i2.25551.
  27. Prang, Bryan Bernard Herman, Jessy D. L. Warongan, and Syermi S. E. Mintalangi. 2024. “Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia.” Manajemen Bisnis Dan Keuangan Korporat 2 (1): 42–51. https://doi.org/10.58784/mbkk.100.
  28. Rachdianti, Finny Tania, Endang Siti Astuti, and Susilo Hery. 2016. “PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN E-TAX TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK (Studi Pada Wajib Pajak Terdaftar Di Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kota Malang).” Jurnal Perpajakan (JEJAK) 11 (1): 1–7.
  29. Rachmi, Ismi Fathia, Mohamad Heykal, and Nafis Dwi Kartiko. 2022. “Kinerja Perekonomian, Profitabilitas Dan Penghindaran Pajak: Studi Empiris Perusahaan Pertambangan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai 6 (1): 3662–71.
  30. Rahayu, Sri, Amrie Firmansyah, Hendrik Perwira, and Suryo Kencono Adi Saputro. 2022. “Liquidity, Leverage, Tax Avoidance: The Moderating Role of Firm Size.” Riset 4 (1): 039–052. https://doi.org/10.37641/riset.v4i1.135.
  31. Rizqia, Amelia, and Anies Lastiati. 2021. “Audit Quality and Tax Avoidance: The Role of Independent Commissioners and Audit Committee’s Financial Expertise.” Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business 4 (1): 14–31. https://doi.org/10.24198/jaab.v4i1.29642.
  32. Sari, Diana, Ratih Kusuma Wardani, Dwirani Fauzi Lestari, Diana Sari, Ratih Kusuma Wardani, and Dwirani Fauzi Lestari. 2021. “The Effect of Leverage , Profitability and Company Size on Tax Avoidance ( Teja, Adrian. 2024. “Environmental, Social and Governance Disclosure Scores and Tax Avoidance.” Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi 9 (1): 186–209. https://doi.org/10.23887/jia.v9i1.69573.
  33. An Empirical Study on Mining Sector Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2013-2019 )” 12 (4): 860–68.
  34. Sinaga, Gerika Uli, Eka Sudarmaji, and Shinta Budi Astuti. 2023. “Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Intensitas Aset Tetap, Profitabilitas, Dan Thin Capitalization Terhadap Tax Avoidance.” BALANCE: Jurnal Akuntansi, Auditing Dan Keuangan 20 (1): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.25170/balance.v20i1.4257.
  35. Vraza, Putri, Ayunda Krisna, and Agung Juliarto. 2024. “Pengaruh ESG Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Yang Dimoderasi Oleh Struktur Kepemilikan.” Diponegoro Journal of Accounting 13 (4): 1–15. http://ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting.
  36. Wirianata, Henny, Viriany, and Tan Hau-Sen. 2024. “Moderation Of Firm Size On The Effect Of Financial Performance On Tax Avoidance.” Jurnal Akuntansi 28 (3): 400–419. https://doi.org/10.24912/ja.v28i2.2068.
  37. Wiriatmaja, Nuraini Ulya, Agus Satrya Wibowo, Ricky Yunisar Setiawan, and Lamria Simamora. 2025. “Profitabilitas Dan Leverage: Apakah Berperan Dalam Memprediksi Tax Avoidance?” JRAK (Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Bisnis) 11 (1): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.38204/jrak.v11i1.2248.

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.