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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of the external environment on organizational performance from the perspective of strategic management through a literature review approach. The external environment refers to factors beyond an organization’s control that nevertheless have a significant impact on the achievement of organizational goals. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method using content analysis of various relevant scholarly literature sources. The findings indicate that external environmental factors, such as economic conditions, political dynamics, social changes, technological development, and the level of industry competition, influence organizational performance both directly and indirectly. Furthermore, strategic management serves as an adaptive mechanism that enables organizations to identify opportunities and threats and formulate appropriate strategies in response to external environmental dynamics. These findings affirm that an organization’s ability to understand and respond to changes in the external environment is a key factor in improving performance and sustaining competitive advantage.
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References
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References
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1)(1), 99–120.
Basuki, N. (2023). Mengoptimalkan Modal Manusia: Strategi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia yang Efektif untuk Pertumbuhan Organisasi yang Berkelanjutan. Komitmen: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 4(2), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.15575/jim.v4i2.28606
Çelik, V., Kitapci, H., & Karabat, B. C. (2022). Örgütsel Öğrenme Kapasitesi, Çift Yeteneklilik, Çevre Dinamizmi ve Yenilik Performansı İlişkisi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 5(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.33721/by.1062770
Dess, G. G., McNamara, G., Eisner, A. B., & Lee, S. H. (2020). Strategic Management: Text & Cases. In McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill.
Ikhsan, M., & Pirade, G. B. M. (2026). Peran Manajemen Strategik dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Organisasi (Literature Review). Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Manajemen, 4(1), 105–116. https://ifrelresearch.org/index.php/jrim-widyakarya/article/view/6041
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nE1aDwAAQBAJ
Kusumaningrum, H., Wijayanti, R., & Khusniyah, D. (2024). Menganalisis Lingkungan Eksternal Organisasi (Menganalisis SWOT). Cendekia : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Keagamaan, 1(2), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.69551/cendekia.v1i2.15
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (2009). Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. Pearson. https://doi.org/10.59876/a-2qza-3f3e
Nasution, A. A., Lubis, A. M., Pane, D. A., & Mardiani, S. (2023). Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan Bisnis Eksternal dan Perencanaan Strategik terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, Ekonomi Dan Kewirausahaan, 1(1), 241–248. https://journal.unimar-amni.ac.id/index.php/Wawasan/article/view/387
Porter, M. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86, 78-93,137.
Rahmaniar, M., Aspiranti, T., & Hendarta, A. (2024). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Dokter : Studi Kasus di Rumah Sakit Mitra Anugrah Lestari Cimahi. Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan Dan Sains (JIKS), 6(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/ps://doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v6i1.13024
Raysharie, P. I., Benius, B., Jati, A. R. P., Uke, R. A., Marbun, E. T. N., Simamora, N. S., Agatha, F., Aurelia, E. K., Aulia, S., Nesya, O. J., & Saputri, T. (2024). Dampak Transformasi Digital dan Kemajuan Teknologi terhadap Kinerja Organisasi. El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 4(3), 1300–1308. https://doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v4i3.1331
Rosalina, D., & Hendayana, Y. (2025). Peran Teori Kapabilitas Dinamis dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Organisasi di Era Transformasi Digital. RIGGS: Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business, 4(4), 2450–2456. https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v4i4.3395
Shavkatovna, O. P. (2026). Competitive Advantage and Strategy Formulation in Management. Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 13(2), 298–302. https://zenodo.org/records/19144431
Sherly, S., Sibarani, A., Aswatama, G., Yolanda, A., Supeningsih, S., & Rizqi, M. (2025). Manajemen Strategik. In E. Dharma (Ed.), CV WIDINA MEDIA UTAMA. CV WIDINA MEDIA UTAMA. https://repository.penerbitwidina.com/media/publications/660731-manajemen-strategik-363f9a89.pdf
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif, dan R&D, Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sukmono, R. A., & Supardi, S. (2021). Buku Ajar Manajemen Operasional Dan Implementasi Dalam Industri. In UMSIDA Press. Umsida Press. https://doi.org/10.21070/2020/978-623-6833-48-3
Teece, D. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 51, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007
Wheelen, T., Hunger, J., Hoffman, A., & Bamford, C. (2018). Strategic Management and Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation and Sustainability, 15th Edition. In Pearson. Pearson.
Widodo, H., Tjahjadi, B., & Basuki, B. (2022). Peran Mediasi Strategi Inovasi dalam Hubungan Rivalitas terhadap Kinerja Organisasi Perguruan Tinggi. Journal of Accounting Science, 6(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.21070/jas.v6i2.1607
Wiwoho, H., & Riptiono, S. (2025). Upgrading SME’s Marketing Performance: Adaptive, Innovative Capability, and Isolating Mechanism. Jurnal Manajemen, 29(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v29i1.2281