Main Article Content
Abstract
The rapid development of digital technology has transformed the way companies interact with consumers, making ethical considerations in digital marketing increasingly important. Millennials and Generation Z are characterized by high digital literacy and greater sensitivity toward transparency, data privacy, and corporate sustainability commitments. However, studies on ethical digital marketing, brand trust, and consumer loyalty remain fragmented and lack an integrated conceptual framework. This study aims to map the development of the literature, identify dominant research themes, and synthesize research gaps related to the relationship between ethical digital marketing, brand trust, and consumer loyalty among Millennials and Generation Z. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA framework was employed to analyze international scientific articles . The findings reveal three dominant themes in the literature: transparency and brand trust, sustainability marketing and green trust, and data ethics and digital privacy. The results further indicate that brand trust serves as the primary mechanism linking ethical digital marketing practices to consumer loyalty. In addition, the review identifies a lack of studies integrating multiple dimensions of ethical digital marketing into a comprehensive conceptual model, particularly in the context of Millennials and Generation Z.
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References
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- Alshurideh, M., Al Kurdi, B. H., Vij, A., Obiedat, Z., & Naser, A. (2016). Marketing Ethics and Relationship Marketing - An Empirical Study that Measure the Effect of Ethics Practices Application on Maintaining Relationships with Customers. International Business Research, 9(9), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n9p78
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- Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65, 81–93.
- Chen, Y.-S., Tien, W.-P., Lee, Y.-I., & Tsai, M.-L. (2016). Greenwash and Green Brand Equity. Proceeding of PICMET 16: Technology Management for Social Innovation, 1797–1802.
- Davenport, T., Guha, A., Grewal, D., & Bressgott, T. (2020). How Artificial Intelligence will Change the Future of Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00696-0
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- Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to Conduct a Bibliometric Analysis: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
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- Khamitov, M., Rajavi, K., Huang, D.-W., & Hong, Y. (2024). Consumer Trust: Meta-analysis of 50 Years of Empirical Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 27. https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/research/marketing/rajavi/pdf/consumer-trust-meta.pdf
- Khan, I., & Fatma, M. (2023). CSR Influence on Brand Image and Consumer Word of Mouth: Mediating Role of Brand Trust. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043409
- Koh, H. K., Burnasheva, R., & Suh, Y. G. (2022). Perceived ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) and Consumers’ Responses: The Mediating Role of Brand Credibility, Brand Image, and Perceived Quality. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084515
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- Le, T. U. (2025). Global Research Trends In Digital Marketing: A Bibliometric Analysis From Scopus (2015–2025). International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 13(11), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v13i11.com01
- Lee, J. Y., & Jin, C. H. (2019). The Role of Ethical Marketing Issues in Consumer-Brand Relationship. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236536
- Lee, M. T., Raschke, R. L., Vegas Anjala Krishen, L. S., & Vegas, L. (2021). Signaling Green! Firm ESG Signals in an Interconnected Environment that Promote Brand Valuation.
- Martin, K. D., Borah, A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2016). Data Privacy: Effects on Customer and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 62. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0497
- Martin, K. D., & Murphy, P. E. (2017). The Role of Data Privacy in Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(2), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-016-0495-4
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- Netto, S. V. de F., Sobral, M. F. F., Ribeiro, A. R. B., & Soares, G. R. da L. (2020). Concepts and forms of Greenwashing: A Systematic Review. In Environmental Sciences Europe (Vol. 32, Number 1). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
- Portes, A., N’Goala, G., & Cases, A. S. (2020). Digital transparency: Dimensions, Antecedents and Consequences on the Quality of Customer Relationships. Recherche et Applications En Marketing, 35(4), 72–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051570720973548
- Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., & Fotiadis, A. K. (2017). Generation Z Consumers’ Expectations of Interactions in Smart Retailing: A Future Agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.058
- Puriwat, W., & Tripopsakul, S. (2023). Sustainability Matters: Unravelling the Power of ESG in Fostering Brand Love and Loyalty across Generations and Product Involvements. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511578
- Rosário, A. T., & Dias, J. C. (2025). The Role of Digital Marketing in Shaping Sustainable Consumption: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 17, Number 17). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177784
- Sang, N. M. (2024). Bibliometric Insights into the Evolution of Digital Marketing Trends. Innovative Marketing, 20(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(2).2024.01
- Sang, V. M., & Cuong, M. C. (2025). The Influence of Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty in the Electronic Commerce Sector: The Mediating Effect of Brand Association and Brand Trust. Cogent Business and Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2440629
- Schnackenberg, A. K., Tomlinson, E., & Coen, C. (2021). The Dimensional Structure of Transparency: A Construct Validation of Transparency as Disclosure, Clarity, and Accuracy in Organizations. Human Relations, 74(10), 1628–1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720933317
- Shouli, A., Barthwal, A., Campbell, M., & Shrestha, A. K. (2026). Ethical AI for Young Digital Citizens: A Call to Action on Privacy Governance. Security and Privacy, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70202
- Tamang, A., & Parajuli, R. T. (2024). Greenwashing and Green Purchase Behavior in Kathmandu Valley: A Moderation Analysis. SAIM Journal of Social Science and Technology, 1(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.70320/sacm.2024.v01i01.006
- Tanveer, M., Ahmad, A. R., Mahmood, H., & Haq, I. U. (2021). Role of Ethical Marketing in Driving Consumer Brand Relationships and Brand Loyalty: A Sustainable Marketing Approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126839
- Wanner, J., Herm, L. V., Heinrich, K., & Janiesch, C. (2022). The Effect of Transparency and Trust on Intelligent System Acceptance: Evidence from a User-Based Study. Electronic Markets, 32(4), 2079–2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00593-5
- Zarifis, A., Kawalek, P., & Azadegan, A. (2021). Evaluating If Trust and Personal Information Privacy Concerns Are Barriers to Using Health Insurance That Explicitly Utilizes AI. Journal of Internet Commerce, 20(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2020.1832817
References
Abbas, A., Alanisi, A., Abedin, B., Movaghar, M., & Hosseini, A. (2025). Ethical Dimensions in Digital Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review. Online) International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 12(6), 2383–2126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831957
Aguirre, E., Mahr, D., Grewal, D., de Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2015). Unraveling the Personalization Paradox: The Effect of Information Collection and Trust-Building Strategies on Online Advertisement Effectiveness. Journal of Retailing, 91(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2014.09.005
Ali, S., Dakshinamurthy, T., Priyadarshi, P., Mittal, M., & Sanjay, K. (2025). Advances in Consumer Research Consumer Trust In Digital Brands: The Role Of Transparency And Ethical Marketing. Advance in Consumer Research, 2(1), 106–115. https://acr-journal.com/
Alrizma, V. R., & Junipriansa, D. (2026). Decoding Greenwashing: The Interplay of Consumer Behavior, Consumer Knowledge, and Sustainable Purchasing Among Generation Z. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.12.1.150
Alshurideh, M., Al Kurdi, B. H., Vij, A., Obiedat, Z., & Naser, A. (2016). Marketing Ethics and Relationship Marketing - An Empirical Study that Measure the Effect of Ethics Practices Application on Maintaining Relationships with Customers. International Business Research, 9(9), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n9p78
Aulock, I. von. (2025, July 21). Gen Z Consumer Trends in 2025: Discover How Digital Habits and Eco-Values Shape Buying Decisions. Penfriend.Ai. http://penfriend.ai/blog/gen-z-consumers
Aydoğmuş, M., Gülay, G., & Ergun, K. (2022). Impact of ESG performance on firm value and profitability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 22, S119–S127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006
Balaskas, S., Stamatiou, I., Komis, K., & Nikolopoulos, T. (2025). Perceptions of Greenwashing and Purchase Intentions: A Model of Gen Z Responses to ESG-Labeled Digital Advertising. Risks, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13080157
Balboni, P. D. P., & Francis, K. E. (2025). Data Ethics and Digital Sustainability: Bridging Legal Data Protection Compliance and ESG for a Responsible Data-Driven Future. Journal of Responsible Technology, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2024.100099
Campbell, M., Barthwal, A., Joshi, S., Shouli, A., & Shrestha, A. K. (2025). Investigation of the Privacy Concerns in AI Systems for Young Digital Citizens: A Comparative Stakeholder Analysis. IEEE CCWC 2025 Proceedings, 8.
Chatzopoulou, E., & de Kiewiet, A. (2021). Millennials’ Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Wants and Needs of the Largest and Most Ethical Generation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1882
Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65, 81–93.
Chen, Y.-S., Tien, W.-P., Lee, Y.-I., & Tsai, M.-L. (2016). Greenwash and Green Brand Equity. Proceeding of PICMET 16: Technology Management for Social Innovation, 1797–1802.
Davenport, T., Guha, A., Grewal, D., & Bressgott, T. (2020). How Artificial Intelligence will Change the Future of Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00696-0
Deloitte. (2024, May 15). Deloitte’s 2024 Gen Z and Millennial Survey Finds these Generations Stay True to Their Values as They Navigate a Rapidly Changing World. Https://Www.Deloitte.Com/Global/En/about/Press-Room/Deloitte-2024-Gen-z-and-Millennial-Survey.Html. https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/about/press-room/deloitte-2024-gen-z-and-millennial-survey.html
Djafarova, E., & Foots, S. (2022). Exploring Ethical Consumption of Generation Z: Theory of Planned Behaviour. Young Consumers, 23(3), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2021-1405
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to Conduct a Bibliometric Analysis: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
EMarketer, & Emmy Liederman. (2026, January 16). FAQ on Gen Z: How Marketers Can Reach this Generation in 2026. Https://Www.Emarketer.Com/Content/Faq-on-Gen-z--How-Marketers-Reach-This-Generation-2026. https://www.emarketer.com/content/faq-on-gen-z--how-marketers-reach-this-generation-2026
Francis, T., & Hoefel, F. (2018). “True Gen”: Generation Z and its Implications for Companies. McKinsey&Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/true-gen-generation-z-and-its-implications-for-companies#/
Guerra-Tamez, C. R., Kraul Flores, K., Serna-Mendiburu, G. M., Chavelas Robles, D., & Ibarra Cortés, J. (2024). Decoding Gen Z: AI’s Influence on Brand Trust and Purchasing Behavior. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1323512
Guerreiro, J., & Pacheco, M. (2021). How Green Trust, Consumer Brand Engagement and Green Word-of-Mouth Mediate Purchasing Intentions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147877
Halibas, A., Akram, U., Hoang, A. P., & Thi Hoang, M. Do. (2025). Unveiling the Future of Responsible, Sustainable, and Ethical Consumption: A Bibliometric Study on Gen Z and Young Consumers. In Young Consumers (Vol. 26, Number 7, pp. 142–171). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-11-2024-2327
Khamitov, M., Rajavi, K., Huang, D.-W., & Hong, Y. (2024). Consumer Trust: Meta-analysis of 50 Years of Empirical Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 27. https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/research/marketing/rajavi/pdf/consumer-trust-meta.pdf
Khan, I., & Fatma, M. (2023). CSR Influence on Brand Image and Consumer Word of Mouth: Mediating Role of Brand Trust. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043409
Koh, H. K., Burnasheva, R., & Suh, Y. G. (2022). Perceived ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) and Consumers’ Responses: The Mediating Role of Brand Credibility, Brand Image, and Perceived Quality. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084515
Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2021). Marketing 5.0. Wiley. https://rudyct.com/mm/Digimark/Marketing-5.0-Technology.forHumanity_Kotler,Kartajaya,Setiawan-2021.pdf
Le, T. U. (2025). Global Research Trends In Digital Marketing: A Bibliometric Analysis From Scopus (2015–2025). International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 13(11), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v13i11.com01
Lee, J. Y., & Jin, C. H. (2019). The Role of Ethical Marketing Issues in Consumer-Brand Relationship. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236536
Lee, M. T., Raschke, R. L., Vegas Anjala Krishen, L. S., & Vegas, L. (2021). Signaling Green! Firm ESG Signals in an Interconnected Environment that Promote Brand Valuation.
Martin, K. D., Borah, A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2016). Data Privacy: Effects on Customer and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 62. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0497
Martin, K. D., & Murphy, P. E. (2017). The Role of Data Privacy in Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(2), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-016-0495-4
NACS. (2025, September 30). Millennials and Gen Z Contribute 32% to Consumer Spending. Https://Www.Convenience.Org/Media/Daily/2025/September/30/3-Millennials-and-Gen-Z-Contribute-32_Research. https://www.convenience.org/Media/Daily/2025/September/30/3-Millennials-and-Gen-Z-Contribute-32_Research
Netto, S. V. de F., Sobral, M. F. F., Ribeiro, A. R. B., & Soares, G. R. da L. (2020). Concepts and forms of Greenwashing: A Systematic Review. In Environmental Sciences Europe (Vol. 32, Number 1). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Portes, A., N’Goala, G., & Cases, A. S. (2020). Digital transparency: Dimensions, Antecedents and Consequences on the Quality of Customer Relationships. Recherche et Applications En Marketing, 35(4), 72–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051570720973548
Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., & Fotiadis, A. K. (2017). Generation Z Consumers’ Expectations of Interactions in Smart Retailing: A Future Agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.058
Puriwat, W., & Tripopsakul, S. (2023). Sustainability Matters: Unravelling the Power of ESG in Fostering Brand Love and Loyalty across Generations and Product Involvements. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511578
Rosário, A. T., & Dias, J. C. (2025). The Role of Digital Marketing in Shaping Sustainable Consumption: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 17, Number 17). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177784
Sang, N. M. (2024). Bibliometric Insights into the Evolution of Digital Marketing Trends. Innovative Marketing, 20(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(2).2024.01
Sang, V. M., & Cuong, M. C. (2025). The Influence of Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty in the Electronic Commerce Sector: The Mediating Effect of Brand Association and Brand Trust. Cogent Business and Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2440629
Schnackenberg, A. K., Tomlinson, E., & Coen, C. (2021). The Dimensional Structure of Transparency: A Construct Validation of Transparency as Disclosure, Clarity, and Accuracy in Organizations. Human Relations, 74(10), 1628–1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720933317
Shouli, A., Barthwal, A., Campbell, M., & Shrestha, A. K. (2026). Ethical AI for Young Digital Citizens: A Call to Action on Privacy Governance. Security and Privacy, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70202
Tamang, A., & Parajuli, R. T. (2024). Greenwashing and Green Purchase Behavior in Kathmandu Valley: A Moderation Analysis. SAIM Journal of Social Science and Technology, 1(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.70320/sacm.2024.v01i01.006
Tanveer, M., Ahmad, A. R., Mahmood, H., & Haq, I. U. (2021). Role of Ethical Marketing in Driving Consumer Brand Relationships and Brand Loyalty: A Sustainable Marketing Approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126839
Wanner, J., Herm, L. V., Heinrich, K., & Janiesch, C. (2022). The Effect of Transparency and Trust on Intelligent System Acceptance: Evidence from a User-Based Study. Electronic Markets, 32(4), 2079–2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00593-5
Zarifis, A., Kawalek, P., & Azadegan, A. (2021). Evaluating If Trust and Personal Information Privacy Concerns Are Barriers to Using Health Insurance That Explicitly Utilizes AI. Journal of Internet Commerce, 20(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2020.1832817