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Abstract
This research examines the effects of transformational leadership and employee engagement on turnover intention, moderated by affective commitment. It adopts an explanatory method to investigate causal links between variables and validate the formulated hypotheses. The population comprises all 70 employees at PT Natura Pesona Mandiri, sampled entirely through a census (total sampling) technique. Data collection occurred from September 2024 to February 2025 via structured questionnaires distributed on Google Forms, employing an ordinal scale. Analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) in SmartPLS software, including outer model checks for validity and reliability, and inner model tests for hypotheses via 5,000-resample bootstrapping. Findings reveal that transformational leadership lacks a significant direct impact on turnover intention, but employee engagement significantly reduces it negatively. These outcomes highlight affective commitment's vital role in bolstering leadership and engagement efficacy to lower turnover intention, alongside confirming transformational leadership's indirect contribution to employee retention.
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References
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- Albrecht, S. L., Breidahl, E., & Marty, A. (2021). Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement. Career Development International, 26(6), 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2020-0101
- Andi Makkulau, & Asriandi, A. (2022). Pengaruh motivasi, kepuasan, dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan Sulawesi Selatan. Juremi: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, 1(5), 467–474.
- Arief Fajri Muharram, dkk. (2020). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan inovasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru di SMA Negeri 22 Palembang. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 22(1), 1–12.
- Astuti, T., & Helmi, A. F. (2021). Perceived supervisor support and turnover intention: A meta-analysis study. Buletin Psikologi, 29(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.54366
- Avolio, B. M., & Bass, B. J. (1992). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 4(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-6917(84)80070-2
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
- Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & van den Heuvel, M. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041
- Charisna Fidiansyah Putra. (2023). Analisa pengaruh motivasi kerja dan employee engagement terhadap turnover intention yang dimediasi oleh kinerja karyawan di PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 8(3), 77–90.
- Chen, L., Zheng, W., Yang, B., & Bai, S. (2016). Transformational leadership, social capital and organizational innovation. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 37(7), 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2015-0157
- Endra Eka Putra, dkk. (2023). Engagement sebagai intervening variabel pengaruh development & komunikasi terhadap kinerja (BI Lhokseumawe & Banda Aceh). Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis, 15(4), 201–212.
- Gallup Inc. (2005). The Clifton StrengthsFinder research FAQs. Omaha: The Gallup Organization.
- Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial Least Squares: Konsep, teknik dan aplikasi menggunakan program SmartPLS 3.0. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi.
- Ghozali, I. (2018). Analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: UNDIP.
- Gupta, M., & Kumar, V. (2023). Employee engagement and turnover intention: The moderating role of affective commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(4), 1123–1140.
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
- Hariadi. (2018). Pengaruh komitmen afektif, komitmen berkelanjutan, dan komitmen normatif terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 9(2), 33–47.
- Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
- Harwin Sukamto, Yoshua Junarto, Thomas Kaihatu, & Endo Wijaya Kartika. (2018). Analisis pengaruh komitmen afektif, komitmen normatif, dan komitmen berkelanjutan terhadap turnover intention di Dragon Star Surabaya.
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- Henry Simamora. (2010). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakarta: STIE YKPN.
- Immawan Wahyudi, & Jumase Basra. (2022). Kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja ASN melalui motivasi pelayanan publik dan kapasitas SDM. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 7(1), 23–35.
- Irwanto, I., Machmud, R., & Lestari, Y. (2024). Pengaruh employee engagement terhadap turnover intention pada tenaga kesehatan. Jurnal Keperawatan.
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
- Khan, M. A., Ismail, F. B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2022). The interplay of leadership styles, employee engagement and organizational performance. Sustainability, 14(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095477
- Kim, S., & Seo, Y. (2016). Mediating effect of social capital between transformational leadership and organizational commitment of nurses in hospitals. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(2), 282–289.
- Laurensius, L. (2024). Pengaruh employee engagement terhadap turnover intention pada karyawan Divisi Finance & Accounting PT Thamrin Brothers Palembang. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis.
- Lawyer Christianto Paembonan. (2022). Pengaruh employee engagement, quality of work life, dan komitmen organisasi terhadap turnover intention perawat RS Grestelina Makassar. Jurnal Kesehatan dan Administrasi Rumah Sakit, 7(3), 97–107.
- Manarung, W., Bastian, A., & Wardi, J. (2022). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan komitmen afektif terhadap kinerja pegawai. JMBT (Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Terapan), 4(2), 141–148.
- Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.
- Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, P. V., & Tran, H. Q. (2023). The impact of employee engagement on turnover intention: The moderating role of affective commitment. Sustainability, 15(8), 1–16.
- Rahman, S. M. (2020). Relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Business Review, 10(2), 99–110.
- Robertson, I. T., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 324–336.
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619.
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315.
- Sugiono, E., & Rachmawati, W. (2019). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, budaya organisasi, dan motivasi ekstrinsik terhadap kinerja karyawan PT Semen Padang. Oikonomia: Jurnal Manajemen, 15(1), 57–69.
- Sullivan, W. P. (2016). Leadership in social work: Where are we? Journal of Social Work Education, 52(S1), S51–S61.
- Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121–131.
- Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 223–270.
- Widodo. (2017). Metodologi penelitian: Populer dan praktis. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
References
Ahmad Rizky Hariadi. 2022. “Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dimediasi Kesiapan untuk Berubah & Motivasi Kerja (Survei pada Karyawan PT Karsa Utama Lestari).” Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 5(2): 45–60.
Albrecht, S. L., Breidahl, E., & Marty, A. (2021). Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement. Career Development International, 26(6), 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2020-0101
Andi Makkulau, & Asriandi, A. (2022). Pengaruh motivasi, kepuasan, dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan Sulawesi Selatan. Juremi: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, 1(5), 467–474.
Arief Fajri Muharram, dkk. (2020). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan inovasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru di SMA Negeri 22 Palembang. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 22(1), 1–12.
Astuti, T., & Helmi, A. F. (2021). Perceived supervisor support and turnover intention: A meta-analysis study. Buletin Psikologi, 29(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.54366
Avolio, B. M., & Bass, B. J. (1992). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 4(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-6917(84)80070-2
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & van den Heuvel, M. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041
Charisna Fidiansyah Putra. (2023). Analisa pengaruh motivasi kerja dan employee engagement terhadap turnover intention yang dimediasi oleh kinerja karyawan di PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 8(3), 77–90.
Chen, L., Zheng, W., Yang, B., & Bai, S. (2016). Transformational leadership, social capital and organizational innovation. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 37(7), 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2015-0157
Endra Eka Putra, dkk. (2023). Engagement sebagai intervening variabel pengaruh development & komunikasi terhadap kinerja (BI Lhokseumawe & Banda Aceh). Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis, 15(4), 201–212.
Gallup Inc. (2005). The Clifton StrengthsFinder research FAQs. Omaha: The Gallup Organization.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial Least Squares: Konsep, teknik dan aplikasi menggunakan program SmartPLS 3.0. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi.
Ghozali, I. (2018). Analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: UNDIP.
Gupta, M., & Kumar, V. (2023). Employee engagement and turnover intention: The moderating role of affective commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(4), 1123–1140.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
Hariadi. (2018). Pengaruh komitmen afektif, komitmen berkelanjutan, dan komitmen normatif terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 9(2), 33–47.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Harwin Sukamto, Yoshua Junarto, Thomas Kaihatu, & Endo Wijaya Kartika. (2018). Analisis pengaruh komitmen afektif, komitmen normatif, dan komitmen berkelanjutan terhadap turnover intention di Dragon Star Surabaya.
Hasanah, N., & Yuliana, S. (2024). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap employee engagement pada organisasi publik di Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi.
Henry Simamora. (2010). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakarta: STIE YKPN.
Immawan Wahyudi, & Jumase Basra. (2022). Kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja ASN melalui motivasi pelayanan publik dan kapasitas SDM. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 7(1), 23–35.
Irwanto, I., Machmud, R., & Lestari, Y. (2024). Pengaruh employee engagement terhadap turnover intention pada tenaga kesehatan. Jurnal Keperawatan.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Khan, M. A., Ismail, F. B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2022). The interplay of leadership styles, employee engagement and organizational performance. Sustainability, 14(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095477
Kim, S., & Seo, Y. (2016). Mediating effect of social capital between transformational leadership and organizational commitment of nurses in hospitals. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(2), 282–289.
Laurensius, L. (2024). Pengaruh employee engagement terhadap turnover intention pada karyawan Divisi Finance & Accounting PT Thamrin Brothers Palembang. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis.
Lawyer Christianto Paembonan. (2022). Pengaruh employee engagement, quality of work life, dan komitmen organisasi terhadap turnover intention perawat RS Grestelina Makassar. Jurnal Kesehatan dan Administrasi Rumah Sakit, 7(3), 97–107.
Manarung, W., Bastian, A., & Wardi, J. (2022). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan komitmen afektif terhadap kinerja pegawai. JMBT (Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Terapan), 4(2), 141–148.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, P. V., & Tran, H. Q. (2023). The impact of employee engagement on turnover intention: The moderating role of affective commitment. Sustainability, 15(8), 1–16.
Rahman, S. M. (2020). Relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Business Review, 10(2), 99–110.
Robertson, I. T., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 324–336.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315.
Sugiono, E., & Rachmawati, W. (2019). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, budaya organisasi, dan motivasi ekstrinsik terhadap kinerja karyawan PT Semen Padang. Oikonomia: Jurnal Manajemen, 15(1), 57–69.
Sullivan, W. P. (2016). Leadership in social work: Where are we? Journal of Social Work Education, 52(S1), S51–S61.
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121–131.
Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 223–270.
Widodo. (2017). Metodologi penelitian: Populer dan praktis. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.