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Abstract
Digital transformation has fundamentally reshaped organizational leadership practices, positioning digital leadership as a critical determinant of employee performance. Although the literature on digital leadership has expanded rapidly, empirical findings regarding its impact on employee performance remain varied and have not been systematically integrated, particularly within the public sector context. This study aims to comprehensively examine the relationship between digital leadership and employee performance using a meta-analytic and bibliometric approach based on Scopus-indexed articles published between 2021 and 2025. The meta-analysis estimates the overall effect size of digital leadership on employee performance, while the bibliometric analysis maps publication trends, intellectual structures, and dominant research themes. The findings indicate that digital leadership has a positive and significant effect on employee performance and is increasingly positioned as a contemporary leadership paradigm integrating strategy, technology, and organizational behavior. These results highlight the importance of strengthening leaders’ digital competencies to enhance employee effectiveness and productivity in technology-driven organizational environments. This study contributes theoretically by integrating empirical evidence with intellectual structure mapping and provides practical implications for the development of digital leadership, particularly in the public sector.
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References
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References
Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. E. (2014). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley.
Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., Santoro, G., & Del Giudice, M. (2021). The role of digital leadership in fostering innovation. Journal of Business Research, 123, 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.042
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, D. L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., & Upadhyay, N. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on digital transformation and future research directions. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102171
Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. Wiley.
Hunter, S. T., Bedell-Avers, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2011). The typical leadership study: Assumptions, implications, and potential remedies. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.008
Huriati, H., Shalahuddin, S., Hidayah, N., Suaib, S., & Arfah, A. (2022, January). Literatur review: mutu pelayanan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit. In Forum Ekonomi: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 186-194).
Lee, A., Legood, A., Hughes, D., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Knight, C. (2020). Leadership, creativity and innovation: A meta-analytic review. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 101360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101360
Leonardi, P. M. (2018). Social media and the development of shared cognition: The roles of network expansion, content integration, and triggered recalling. MIS Quarterly, 42(1), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2018/13221
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage Publications.
Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., & Haug, N. (2019). Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), 101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002
OECD. (2020). Digital government index 2019: Results. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/4de9f5bb-en
Shalahuddin, S. (2021). Investigasi dampak gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai di lingkungan dinas pemadam kebakaran. In FORUM EKONOMI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 625-632).
Shalahuddin, S., Ramly, M., Gani, A., Suriyanti, S., Mus, A. R., Mallongi, S., ... & Mahmud, H. (2024). Islamic Work Ethics to increase Lecturer Performance Mediated by Organizational Citizen Behavior. TWIST, 19(2), 568-575.
Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2019). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: Identifying the elements of e-leadership. Public Administration Review, 79(6), 853–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13040
Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003.