Main Article Content
Abstract
Employee performance in the Cilegon City Regional Government is not optimal, which is influenced by a lack of motivation to work, employee competence, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The purpose of this study is to evaluate how employee work motivation and competence impact their performance, both directly and indirectly, by using OCB as a mediating variable. Various issues are discussed, including: (1) the relationship between work motivation and employee performance; (2) the relationship between work motivation and OCB; (3) the relationship between employee competence and OCB; (4) the relationship between OCB and employee performance; and (6) the mediating role of OCB in the relationship between work motivation and employee competence. This study uses a quantitative method, namely PLS-SEM, or Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling. The research instrument is a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability, with respondents from State Civil Apparatus (ASN) selected through random sampling. The results show that work motivation and competence have a significant positive effect on employee performance and OCB, and OCB acts as a significant mediator. Recommendations are given to the Cilegon City Regional Government to increase motivation, competence, and the cultivation of OCB to encourage sustainable employee performance.
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References
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- Hsieh, C. C., Li, H. C., Liang, J. K., & Chiu, Y. C. (2024). Empowering teachers through principals’ emotional intelligence: Unlocking the potential of organizational citizenship behavior in Taiwan’s elementary schools. Acta Psychologica, 243(48), 104142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104142
- Huynh Thi Thu, S., & Le Xuan Quynh, A. (2024). A vivid study on corporate social responsibility and its internal perception: Bibliometric analysis approach. Acta Psychologica, 251(July), 104611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104611
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- Jain, S., & Garg, R. (2025). The ripple effect of compassion on psychosocial flourishing: A mediational model of individual and organizational factors in Indian public sector. Acta Psychologica, 254(November 2024), 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104837
- Kotsopoulos, D., Bardaki, C., & Pramatari, K. (2023). How to motivate employees towards organizational energy conservation: Insights based on employees perceptions and an IoT-enabled gamified IS intervention. Heliyon, 9(5), e16314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16314
- Kurnianto, D., & Kharisudin, I. (2022). Analisis Jalur Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Disiplin Kerja, Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Variabel Intervening Organizational Citizenship Behavior. PRISMA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika, 5, 740–751.
- Kusuma, A. R., Syarief, R., Sukmawati, A., & Ekananta, A. (2024). Heliyon Factors influencing the digital transformation of sales organizations in Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(5), e27017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27017
- Liegl, S., Maran, T., Kraus, S., Furtner, M., & Sachse, P. (2024). Eyes that Lead: The charismatic influence of gaze signaling on employee approval and extra-effort. Journal of Business Research, 183(July), 114861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114861
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- Özkan, O. S., Huertas-Valdivia, I., Üzüm, B., & Contreras-Gordo, I. (2025). Responsible leadership and job embeddedness in hospitality: The role of managers’ light-triad personality and employees’ prosocial identity. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 131(July 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104351
- Pillai, R., Abukhait, R., Shaya, N., & Khattak, M. N. (2025). Compulsory citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing in higher education: a moderated mediation model. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11(May), 101596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101596
- Purwanza, S. W., Aditya Wardhana, Ainul Mufidah, Yuniarti Reny Renggo, Adrianus Kabubu Hudang, Jan Setiawan, Darwin, Atik, B., Siskha, P. S., Maya, F., Rambu, L. K. R. N., Amruddin, Gazi, S., Tati, H., Sentalia, B. T., Rento, D. P., & Rasinus. (2022). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Kombinasi. In Media Sains Indonesia (Issue March).
- Rahaman, H. M. S., Kwan, H. K., Babalola, M. T., & Chen, H. (2023). Putting customer service at risk: Why and when family ostracism relates to customer-oriented behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 109(December 2021), 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103390
- Rasyid, H. A., Sulistiyawan, E., & Rachman, M. M. (2024). Impact Of Motivation And Work Commitment On Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) With Job Satisfaction As A Mediator (Case Study Of Employees Of PT Angkasa Pura 1 Surabaya). COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(4), 9467–9481.
- Saleem, A., Bhutta, M. K. S., Abrar, M., Bari, M. W., & Bashir, M. (2024). Leader’s ethical behavior: A precursor to employees’ well-being through emotions management. Acta Psychologica, 249(July), 104453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104453
- Sanaba, H. F., Andriyan, Y., & Munzir, M. (2022). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Kinerja Karyawan: Kompensasi, Motivasi Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja. Financial and Accounting Indonesian Research, 2(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.36232/jurnalfairakuntansiunimuda.v2i2.3852
- Sariani, N. L. P., Pradhana, P. D., & Utami, N. M. S. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Koperasi Pasar Kumbasari Badung. Media Bina Ilmiah, 14(10), 3357. https://doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v14i10.559
- Shen, Y., Lythreatis, S., Singh, S. K., & Cooke, F. L. (2025). A meta-analysis of knowledge hiding behavior in organizations: Antecedents, consequences, and boundary conditions. Journal of Business Research, 186(September 2024), 114963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114963
- Srimulyani, V. A., Rustiyaningsih, S., Farida, F. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2023). Mediation of “AKHLAK” corporate culture and affective commitment on the effect of inclusive leadership on employee performance. Sustainable Futures, 6(July), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2023.100138
- Srirahayu, D. P., Ekowati, D., & Sridadi, A. R. (2023). Innovative work behavior in public organizations: A systematic literature review. Heliyon, 9(2), e13557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13557
- Sulaiman, N., & Fariz, M. (2021). Robust Analisis Peran Organizational Citizenship Behavior dalam Memediasi. Robust-Research Business and Economics Studies, 1(2), 11–19. http://ejournal.iainkendari.ac.id/robust
- Thomas, G., & Albishri, N. A. (2024). Driving employee organizational citizenship behaviour through CSR: An empirical study in the context of luxury hotels. Acta Psychologica, 245(March), 104231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104231
- Wang, M., Armstrong, S. J., Li, Y., Li, W., Hu, X., & Zhong, X. (2023). The influence of leader-follower cognitive style congruence on organizational citizenship behaviors and the mediating role of trust. Acta Psychologica, 238(June), 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103964
References
Akbar Abbas, S. (2023). Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Motivasi Dan Perannya Dalam Mendorong Peningkatan Kinerja: Tinjauan Pustaka. BALANCA : Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 5(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.35905/balanca.v4i1.4295
Alqhaiwi, Z. O. (2024). A bright side to unethical pro-organizational behavior: Improving work performance by satisfying psychological needs. Journal of Business Research, 184(August), 114879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114879
Davis, J. M., Agrawal, D., & Ogbanufe, O. (2025). Shaping extra-role security behaviors through employee-agent relations: A dual-channel motivational perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 80(July 2024), 102833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102833
Donaldson, S. I., & Villalobos, J. (2024). Positive mindset: PsyCap’s roles in PERMA+4 and positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship 2.0. Organizational Dynamics, 53(4), 101084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2024.101084
Gobel, Y. C., Thalib, T., & Alhadar, S. (2023). Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Motivasi Kerja Pegawai di Kantor Camat Bulango Selatan Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 5, 3800–3801.
Hermanto, Y. B., Srimulyani, V. A., & Pitoyo, D. J. (2024). The mediating role of quality of work life and organizational commitment in the link between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. Heliyon, 10(6), e27664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27664
Hsieh, C. C., Li, H. C., Liang, J. K., & Chiu, Y. C. (2024). Empowering teachers through principals’ emotional intelligence: Unlocking the potential of organizational citizenship behavior in Taiwan’s elementary schools. Acta Psychologica, 243(48), 104142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104142
Huynh Thi Thu, S., & Le Xuan Quynh, A. (2024). A vivid study on corporate social responsibility and its internal perception: Bibliometric analysis approach. Acta Psychologica, 251(July), 104611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104611
Iba, Z., & Wardhana, A. (2024). Uji Validitas, Uji Reliabilitas, dan Uji Asumsi Klasik Pada Analisis Jalur Menggunakan SPSS. In Riset Manajemen Menggunakan SPSS dan SMART-PLS (Issue August).
Jain, S., & Garg, R. (2025). The ripple effect of compassion on psychosocial flourishing: A mediational model of individual and organizational factors in Indian public sector. Acta Psychologica, 254(November 2024), 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104837
Kotsopoulos, D., Bardaki, C., & Pramatari, K. (2023). How to motivate employees towards organizational energy conservation: Insights based on employees perceptions and an IoT-enabled gamified IS intervention. Heliyon, 9(5), e16314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16314
Kurnianto, D., & Kharisudin, I. (2022). Analisis Jalur Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Disiplin Kerja, Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Variabel Intervening Organizational Citizenship Behavior. PRISMA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika, 5, 740–751.
Kusuma, A. R., Syarief, R., Sukmawati, A., & Ekananta, A. (2024). Heliyon Factors influencing the digital transformation of sales organizations in Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(5), e27017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27017
Liegl, S., Maran, T., Kraus, S., Furtner, M., & Sachse, P. (2024). Eyes that Lead: The charismatic influence of gaze signaling on employee approval and extra-effort. Journal of Business Research, 183(July), 114861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114861
Liu, Z., Chen, C., Cui, H., & Hu, Y. (2023). The relationship between nurses’ social network degree centrality and organizational citizenship behavior: The multiple mediating effects of job satisfaction and work engagement. Heliyon, 9(9), e19612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19612
Lo Presti, A., Ambrosino, G., Barattucci, M., & Pagliaro, S. (2023). Good guys with good apples. The moderating role of moral competence on the association between moral disengagement and organizational behaviours. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 73(6), 100891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2023.100891
Mallin, M. L., Hancock, T. D., Pullins, E. B., & Johnson, C. M. (2025). Salesperson emotional intelligence at work: A resource-based perspective of subjective well-being determinants and organizational outcomes. Industrial Marketing Management, 125(December 2024), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.01.013
Özkan, O. S., Huertas-Valdivia, I., Üzüm, B., & Contreras-Gordo, I. (2025). Responsible leadership and job embeddedness in hospitality: The role of managers’ light-triad personality and employees’ prosocial identity. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 131(July 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104351
Pillai, R., Abukhait, R., Shaya, N., & Khattak, M. N. (2025). Compulsory citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing in higher education: a moderated mediation model. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11(May), 101596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101596
Purwanza, S. W., Aditya Wardhana, Ainul Mufidah, Yuniarti Reny Renggo, Adrianus Kabubu Hudang, Jan Setiawan, Darwin, Atik, B., Siskha, P. S., Maya, F., Rambu, L. K. R. N., Amruddin, Gazi, S., Tati, H., Sentalia, B. T., Rento, D. P., & Rasinus. (2022). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Kombinasi. In Media Sains Indonesia (Issue March).
Rahaman, H. M. S., Kwan, H. K., Babalola, M. T., & Chen, H. (2023). Putting customer service at risk: Why and when family ostracism relates to customer-oriented behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 109(December 2021), 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103390
Rasyid, H. A., Sulistiyawan, E., & Rachman, M. M. (2024). Impact Of Motivation And Work Commitment On Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) With Job Satisfaction As A Mediator (Case Study Of Employees Of PT Angkasa Pura 1 Surabaya). COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(4), 9467–9481.
Saleem, A., Bhutta, M. K. S., Abrar, M., Bari, M. W., & Bashir, M. (2024). Leader’s ethical behavior: A precursor to employees’ well-being through emotions management. Acta Psychologica, 249(July), 104453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104453
Sanaba, H. F., Andriyan, Y., & Munzir, M. (2022). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Kinerja Karyawan: Kompensasi, Motivasi Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja. Financial and Accounting Indonesian Research, 2(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.36232/jurnalfairakuntansiunimuda.v2i2.3852
Sariani, N. L. P., Pradhana, P. D., & Utami, N. M. S. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Koperasi Pasar Kumbasari Badung. Media Bina Ilmiah, 14(10), 3357. https://doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v14i10.559
Shen, Y., Lythreatis, S., Singh, S. K., & Cooke, F. L. (2025). A meta-analysis of knowledge hiding behavior in organizations: Antecedents, consequences, and boundary conditions. Journal of Business Research, 186(September 2024), 114963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114963
Srimulyani, V. A., Rustiyaningsih, S., Farida, F. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2023). Mediation of “AKHLAK” corporate culture and affective commitment on the effect of inclusive leadership on employee performance. Sustainable Futures, 6(July), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2023.100138
Srirahayu, D. P., Ekowati, D., & Sridadi, A. R. (2023). Innovative work behavior in public organizations: A systematic literature review. Heliyon, 9(2), e13557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13557
Sulaiman, N., & Fariz, M. (2021). Robust Analisis Peran Organizational Citizenship Behavior dalam Memediasi. Robust-Research Business and Economics Studies, 1(2), 11–19. http://ejournal.iainkendari.ac.id/robust
Thomas, G., & Albishri, N. A. (2024). Driving employee organizational citizenship behaviour through CSR: An empirical study in the context of luxury hotels. Acta Psychologica, 245(March), 104231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104231
Wang, M., Armstrong, S. J., Li, Y., Li, W., Hu, X., & Zhong, X. (2023). The influence of leader-follower cognitive style congruence on organizational citizenship behaviors and the mediating role of trust. Acta Psychologica, 238(June), 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103964